Weather in Crookness
Orkney Islands · Scotland
·
23 m
Weather forecast for Crookness, hour by hour for today and the next few days. Check the temperature, feels like, precipitation, wind, humidity and cloud cover.
11.5°
Mostly clear
Forecast:
11:00
Today, 15 October
Frequent rain or showers
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
11:00
12°
3°
25 mph
SW
0.0 mm
75 %
31 %
Humidity
75 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,005 hPa
Cloud cover
31 %
Low cloud
9 %
Medium cloud
6 %
High cloud
21 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
12:00
12°
3°
26 mph
SW
0.1 mm
72 %
18 %
Humidity
72 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,006 hPa
Cloud cover
18 %
Low cloud
13 %
Medium cloud
4 %
High cloud
5 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
13:00
12°
3°
26 mph
SW
0.0 mm
70 %
31 %
Humidity
70 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,006 hPa
Cloud cover
31 %
Low cloud
23 %
Medium cloud
16 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
14:00
12°
3°
26 mph
SW
0.1 mm
70 %
38 %
Humidity
70 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,006 hPa
Cloud cover
38 %
Low cloud
23 %
Medium cloud
22 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
15:00
12°
3°
25 mph
SW
0.0 mm
70 %
23 %
Humidity
70 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,006 hPa
Cloud cover
23 %
Low cloud
18 %
Medium cloud
10 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
16:00
12°
3°
25 mph
WSW
0.0 mm
71 %
40 %
Humidity
71 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,007 hPa
Cloud cover
40 %
Low cloud
26 %
Medium cloud
20 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
17:00
11°
3°
25 mph
SW
0.1 mm
74 %
40 %
Humidity
74 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,007 hPa
Cloud cover
40 %
Low cloud
9 %
Medium cloud
35 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
18:00
11°
3°
23 mph
WSW
0.1 mm
78 %
54 %
Humidity
78 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,007 hPa
Cloud cover
54 %
Low cloud
36 %
Medium cloud
29 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
19:00
10°
2°
25 mph
WSW
0.1 mm
79 %
48 %
Humidity
79 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,008 hPa
Cloud cover
48 %
Low cloud
36 %
Medium cloud
24 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
20:00
10°
2°
22 mph
SW
0.1 mm
81 %
24 %
Humidity
81 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,008 hPa
Cloud cover
24 %
Low cloud
18 %
Medium cloud
13 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
21:00
10°
2°
23 mph
WSW
0.2 mm
82 %
59 %
Humidity
82 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,009 hPa
Cloud cover
59 %
Low cloud
41 %
Medium cloud
36 %
High cloud
2 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
22:00
10°
2°
22 mph
SW
0.2 mm
86 %
37 %
Humidity
86 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,009 hPa
Cloud cover
37 %
Low cloud
17 %
Medium cloud
26 %
High cloud
2 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
23:00
9°
2°
20 mph
SW
0.4 mm
86 %
40 %
Humidity
86 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,010 hPa
Cloud cover
40 %
Low cloud
24 %
Medium cloud
19 %
High cloud
8 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
Tomorrow, 16 October
Rain, heavy at times
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
00:00
8°
1°
22 mph
WSW
0.0 mm
91 %
67 %
Humidity
91 %
Feels like*
1°
Pressure
1,011 hPa
Cloud cover
67 %
Low cloud
45 %
Medium cloud
44 %
High cloud
5 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
01:00
9°
3°
17 mph
WSW
0.2 mm
90 %
34 %
Humidity
90 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,011 hPa
Cloud cover
34 %
Low cloud
30 %
Medium cloud
12 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
02:00
8°
3°
16 mph
WSW
0.1 mm
89 %
38 %
Humidity
89 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,011 hPa
Cloud cover
38 %
Low cloud
15 %
Medium cloud
31 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
03:00
8°
3°
16 mph
WSW
0.0 mm
89 %
39 %
Humidity
89 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,012 hPa
Cloud cover
39 %
Low cloud
13 %
Medium cloud
34 %
High cloud
1 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
04:00
8°
3°
16 mph
WSW
0.0 mm
87 %
65 %
Humidity
87 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,012 hPa
Cloud cover
65 %
Low cloud
14 %
Medium cloud
61 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
05:00
8°
3°
15 mph
WSW
0.0 mm
87 %
35 %
Humidity
87 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,013 hPa
Cloud cover
35 %
Low cloud
18 %
Medium cloud
22 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
06:00
8°
2°
15 mph
WSW
0.3 mm
84 %
42 %
Humidity
84 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,013 hPa
Cloud cover
42 %
Low cloud
16 %
Medium cloud
35 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
07:00
8°
3°
14 mph
WSW
0.3 mm
87 %
70 %
Humidity
87 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,014 hPa
Cloud cover
70 %
Low cloud
41 %
Medium cloud
51 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
08:00
8°
2°
15 mph
W
0.1 mm
86 %
20 %
Humidity
86 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,015 hPa
Cloud cover
20 %
Low cloud
4 %
Medium cloud
19 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
09:00
9°
4°
13 mph
W
0.0 mm
85 %
41 %
Humidity
85 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,016 hPa
Cloud cover
41 %
Low cloud
24 %
Medium cloud
28 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
10:00
9°
4°
16 mph
WNW
0.1 mm
83 %
35 %
Humidity
83 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,016 hPa
Cloud cover
35 %
Low cloud
24 %
Medium cloud
20 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
11:00
10°
5°
15 mph
WNW
1.0 mm
79 %
41 %
Humidity
79 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,017 hPa
Cloud cover
41 %
Low cloud
19 %
Medium cloud
33 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
12:00
10°
5°
15 mph
WNW
0.5 mm
83 %
32 %
Humidity
83 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,018 hPa
Cloud cover
32 %
Low cloud
21 %
Medium cloud
19 %
High cloud
1 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
13:00
10°
4°
16 mph
NW
0.1 mm
82 %
53 %
Humidity
82 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,019 hPa
Cloud cover
53 %
Low cloud
35 %
Medium cloud
33 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Fog
0 %
14:00
10°
3°
18 mph
NW
0.0 mm
71 %
31 %
Humidity
71 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,020 hPa
Cloud cover
31 %
Low cloud
14 %
Medium cloud
24 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
5°
Fog
0 %
15:00
10°
3°
18 mph
NW
0.0 mm
68 %
15 %
Humidity
68 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,021 hPa
Cloud cover
15 %
Low cloud
9 %
Medium cloud
8 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
4°
Fog
0 %
16:00
9°
3°
18 mph
NNW
0.2 mm
72 %
23 %
Humidity
72 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,022 hPa
Cloud cover
23 %
Low cloud
12 %
Medium cloud
18 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
5°
Fog
0 %
17:00
9°
1°
19 mph
N
0.0 mm
78 %
61 %
Humidity
78 %
Feels like*
1°
Pressure
1,024 hPa
Cloud cover
61 %
Low cloud
44 %
Medium cloud
38 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
5°
Fog
0 %
18:00
8°
1°
20 mph
N
0.0 mm
75 %
34 %
Humidity
75 %
Feels like*
1°
Pressure
1,025 hPa
Cloud cover
34 %
Low cloud
31 %
Medium cloud
18 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
4°
Fog
0 %
19:00
8°
0°
21 mph
N
0.0 mm
70 %
58 %
Humidity
70 %
Feels like*
0°
Pressure
1,026 hPa
Cloud cover
58 %
Low cloud
56 %
Medium cloud
7 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
3°
Fog
0 %
20:00
8°
1°
19 mph
NNW
0.0 mm
62 %
83 %
Humidity
62 %
Feels like*
1°
Pressure
1,028 hPa
Cloud cover
83 %
Low cloud
83 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
21:00
8°
1°
18 mph
NNW
0.0 mm
62 %
100 %
Humidity
62 %
Feels like*
1°
Pressure
1,029 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
22:00
8°
2°
16 mph
NNW
0.0 mm
59 %
96 %
Humidity
59 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,030 hPa
Cloud cover
96 %
Low cloud
96 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
23:00
8°
2°
15 mph
NNW
0.0 mm
58 %
46 %
Humidity
58 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,031 hPa
Cloud cover
46 %
Low cloud
45 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
2 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
Saturday, 17 October
Cloudy
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
00:00
8°
2°
15 mph
NNW
0.0 mm
60 %
88 %
Humidity
60 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,032 hPa
Cloud cover
88 %
Low cloud
88 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
6 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
01:00
8°
2°
13 mph
NNW
0.0 mm
60 %
98 %
Humidity
60 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,032 hPa
Cloud cover
98 %
Low cloud
98 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
4 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
02:00
8°
3°
13 mph
NW
0.0 mm
59 %
98 %
Humidity
59 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,033 hPa
Cloud cover
98 %
Low cloud
98 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
03:00
8°
3°
12 mph
NW
0.0 mm
61 %
100 %
Humidity
61 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,033 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
3 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
04:00
8°
3°
12 mph
WNW
0.0 mm
62 %
91 %
Humidity
62 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,033 hPa
Cloud cover
91 %
Low cloud
91 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
2 %
Dew point
2°
Fog
0 %
05:00
8°
2°
12 mph
WNW
0.0 mm
64 %
99 %
Humidity
64 %
Feels like*
2°
Pressure
1,034 hPa
Cloud cover
99 %
Low cloud
99 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
27 %
Dew point
2°
Fog
0 %
06:00
9°
3°
14 mph
WNW
0.0 mm
59 %
100 %
Humidity
59 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,034 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
50 %
Dew point
1°
Fog
0 %
07:00
9°
3°
13 mph
WNW
0.0 mm
59 %
99 %
Humidity
59 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,035 hPa
Cloud cover
99 %
Low cloud
99 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
35 %
Dew point
2°
Fog
0 %
08:00
9°
3°
14 mph
W
0.0 mm
60 %
100 %
Humidity
60 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,035 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
12 %
High cloud
13 %
Dew point
2°
Fog
0 %
09:00
10°
4°
13 mph
W
0.0 mm
61 %
98 %
Humidity
61 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,035 hPa
Cloud cover
98 %
Low cloud
97 %
Medium cloud
19 %
High cloud
11 %
Dew point
2°
Fog
0 %
10:00
10°
5°
12 mph
W
0.0 mm
60 %
52 %
Humidity
60 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,035 hPa
Cloud cover
52 %
Low cloud
40 %
Medium cloud
47 %
High cloud
2 %
Dew point
3°
Fog
0 %
11:00
11°
5°
15 mph
W
0.0 mm
59 %
100 %
Humidity
59 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,036 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
100 %
High cloud
28 %
Dew point
3°
Fog
0 %
12:00
10°
4°
15 mph
WNW
0.0 mm
75 %
93 %
Humidity
75 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,036 hPa
Cloud cover
93 %
Low cloud
13 %
Medium cloud
88 %
High cloud
41 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
13:00
10°
5°
13 mph
W
0.0 mm
77 %
61 %
Humidity
77 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,036 hPa
Cloud cover
61 %
Low cloud
28 %
Medium cloud
40 %
High cloud
26 %
Dew point
6°
Fog
0 %
19:00
9°
6°
6 mph
WNW
0.0 mm
78 %
46 %
Humidity
78 %
Feels like*
6°
Pressure
1,037 hPa
Cloud cover
46 %
Low cloud
38 %
Medium cloud
10 %
High cloud
2 %
Dew point
6°
Sunday, 18 October
Variable cloud
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
01:00
8°
6°
4 mph
SSW
0.0 mm
87 %
72 %
Humidity
87 %
Feels like*
6°
Pressure
1,036 hPa
Cloud cover
72 %
Low cloud
72 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
07:00
7°
4°
6 mph
SSW
0.0 mm
93 %
17 %
Humidity
93 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,036 hPa
Cloud cover
17 %
Low cloud
17 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
13:00
11°
7°
9 mph
SSW
0.0 mm
64 %
0 %
Humidity
64 %
Feels like*
7°
Pressure
1,035 hPa
Cloud cover
0 %
Low cloud
0 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
4°
19:00
9°
4°
12 mph
S
0.0 mm
79 %
48 %
Humidity
79 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,033 hPa
Cloud cover
48 %
Low cloud
5 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
46 %
Dew point
5°
Monday, 19 October
Cloudy
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
01:00
8°
4°
12 mph
S
0.0 mm
83 %
92 %
Humidity
83 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,032 hPa
Cloud cover
92 %
Low cloud
0 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
92 %
Dew point
6°
07:00
9°
4°
15 mph
S
0.0 mm
83 %
97 %
Humidity
83 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,030 hPa
Cloud cover
97 %
Low cloud
94 %
Medium cloud
48 %
High cloud
38 %
Dew point
7°
13:00
11°
5°
15 mph
S
0.0 mm
80 %
99 %
Humidity
80 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,029 hPa
Cloud cover
99 %
Low cloud
84 %
Medium cloud
98 %
High cloud
64 %
Dew point
7°
19:00
10°
5°
16 mph
S
0.0 mm
81 %
0 %
Humidity
81 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,027 hPa
Cloud cover
0 %
Low cloud
0 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
7°
Tuesday, 20 October
Variable cloud
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
01:00
9°
3°
15 mph
S
0.0 mm
81 %
0 %
Humidity
81 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
1,026 hPa
Cloud cover
0 %
Low cloud
0 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
6°
07:00
11°
6°
16 mph
SSE
0.3 mm
81 %
55 %
Humidity
81 %
Feels like*
6°
Pressure
1,023 hPa
Cloud cover
55 %
Low cloud
55 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
8°
13:00
13°
7°
20 mph
SE
0.2 mm
88 %
93 %
Humidity
88 %
Feels like*
7°
Pressure
1,019 hPa
Cloud cover
93 %
Low cloud
63 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
81 %
Dew point
11°
19:00
12°
5°
23 mph
SE
0.1 mm
87 %
88 %
Humidity
87 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,015 hPa
Cloud cover
88 %
Low cloud
83 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
24 %
Dew point
10°
Wednesday, 21 October
Frequent rain or showers
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
01:00
12°
5°
22 mph
SE
0.4 mm
87 %
96 %
Humidity
87 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
1,012 hPa
Cloud cover
96 %
Low cloud
94 %
Medium cloud
0 %
High cloud
30 %
Dew point
10°
07:00
11°
4°
25 mph
SE
3.1 mm
93 %
100 %
Humidity
93 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,008 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
43 %
High cloud
16 %
Dew point
10°
13:00
11°
4°
23 mph
SE
2.0 mm
92 %
100 %
Humidity
92 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
1,005 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
100 %
High cloud
88 %
Dew point
10°
19:00
11°
7°
15 mph
SE
0.8 mm
93 %
98 %
Humidity
93 %
Feels like*
7°
Pressure
1,001 hPa
Cloud cover
98 %
Low cloud
21 %
Medium cloud
41 %
High cloud
98 %
Dew point
10°
Thursday, 22 October
Frequent rain or showers
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
01:00
11°
5°
19 mph
SE
3.4 mm
92 %
100 %
Humidity
92 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
998 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
100 %
High cloud
91 %
Dew point
10°
07:00
11°
6°
17 mph
SSE
2.0 mm
91 %
100 %
Humidity
91 %
Feels like*
6°
Pressure
994 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
71 %
Medium cloud
95 %
High cloud
30 %
Dew point
10°
13:00
13°
9°
11 mph
S
0.1 mm
83 %
100 %
Humidity
83 %
Feels like*
9°
Pressure
994 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
2 %
Medium cloud
44 %
High cloud
100 %
Dew point
10°
19:00
10°
6°
11 mph
WSW
0.0 mm
86 %
11 %
Humidity
86 %
Feels like*
6°
Pressure
996 hPa
Cloud cover
11 %
Low cloud
9 %
Medium cloud
2 %
High cloud
0 %
Dew point
8°
Friday, 23 October
Frequent rain or showers
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
01:00
10°
3°
17 mph
SSE
1.7 mm
77 %
97 %
Humidity
77 %
Feels like*
3°
Pressure
997 hPa
Cloud cover
97 %
Low cloud
0 %
Medium cloud
4 %
High cloud
97 %
Dew point
6°
07:00
11°
4°
25 mph
SE
2.7 mm
90 %
100 %
Humidity
90 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
990 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
98 %
Medium cloud
100 %
High cloud
99 %
Dew point
10°
13:00
12°
6°
19 mph
SE
0.1 mm
85 %
100 %
Humidity
85 %
Feels like*
6°
Pressure
988 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
1 %
Medium cloud
98 %
High cloud
100 %
Dew point
10°
19:00
11°
4°
21 mph
SE
1.2 mm
85 %
29 %
Humidity
85 %
Feels like*
4°
Pressure
986 hPa
Cloud cover
29 %
Low cloud
28 %
Medium cloud
2 %
High cloud
2 %
Dew point
9°
Saturday, 24 October
Rain, heavy at times
Time
Temperature
Temp.
Feels like*
Feels*
Wind
Precipitation
Rain
Humidity
Hum.
Cloud cover
Cloud
01:00
10°
5°
14 mph
ESE
4.8 mm
92 %
75 %
Humidity
92 %
Feels like*
5°
Pressure
985 hPa
Cloud cover
75 %
Low cloud
46 %
Medium cloud
20 %
High cloud
51 %
Dew point
9°
07:00
9°
9°
1 mph
NW
7.1 mm
94 %
100 %
Humidity
94 %
Feels like*
9°
Pressure
984 hPa
Cloud cover
100 %
Low cloud
100 %
Medium cloud
100 %
High cloud
100 %
Dew point
8°
Catalogue ID: osgb4000000074558366 · Coordinates: 59.045991, -3.021469 · Altitude: 23 m · Cache: stale-bot
* Feels like is calculated using the apparent-temperature formula, based on a mathematical model for an adult walking outdoors in the shade (Steadman, 1994). Temperature, humidity and wind are used across the full thermal range.